This review`s for newcomers to Dickens. 1st, a Christmas Carol is a novella, so you are picking the right story to acquaint yourselves. DICKENS WAS A MASTER OF TWISTING STORY-LINES TOGETHER, HOWEVER, IN THIS STORY SCENES WILL OVERLAP: FOR INSTANCE, SOME OF THE FINAL SCENES ARE CONNECTED BY A GROUP OF THEIVES. On christmas, 'bless us one and bless us all' women: roast the goose and bake the pie! Men: hang the wreaths and garlands high! Quartet: share your smile with passersby! All: christmas day is coming! Group 1: something's building in the air, group 2: something that we all can share. Group 3: breathe it in; we're almost there. All: christmas day is coming!
First edition cover (1843)AuthorOriginal titleA Christmas Carol. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas.IllustratorCountryEnglandPublished19 December 1843PublisherTextatA Christmas Carol. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a by, first published in London by in 1843 and illustrated. A Christmas Carol recounts the story of, an elderly who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner and the spirits of,. After their visits, Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man.Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol during a period when the British were exploring and re-evaluating past, including and newer customs such as. He was influenced by the experiences of his own youth and by the Christmas stories of other authors including.
Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella, and was inspired following a visit to the Field Lane, one of several establishments for London's street children. The treatment of the poor and the ability of a selfish man to redeem himself by transforming into a more sympathetic character are the key themes of the story. There is discussion among academics as to whether this was a fully secular story, or if it is a.Published on 19 December, the first edition sold out by; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released. Most critics reviewed the novella favourably.
The story was in January 1844; Dickens took legal action against the publishers, who went bankrupt, further reducing Dickens's small profits from the publication. He went on to write four other Christmas stories in subsequent years. In 1849 he began public readings of the story which proved so successful he undertook 127 further performances until 1870, the year of his death. A Christmas Carol has never been out of print and has been translated into several languages; the story for film, stage, opera and other media.A Christmas Carol captured the of the revival of the Christmas holiday. Dickens had acknowledged the influence of the modern Western observance of Christmas and later inspired several aspects of Christmas, including family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games and a festive generosity of spirit. Scrooge and Bob Cratchit celebrate Christmas in an illustration from stave five of the original edition, 1843.The third spirit, the, shows Scrooge a Christmas Day in the future. The silent ghost reveals scenes involving the death of a disliked man whose funeral is attended by local businessmen only on condition that lunch is provided.
His, and the local steal his possessions to sell to a. When he asks the spirit to show a single person who feels emotion over his death, he is only given the pleasure of a poor couple who rejoice that his death gives them more time to put their finances in order. When Scrooge asks to see tenderness connected with any death, the ghost shows him Bob Cratchit and his family mourning the death of Tiny Tim. The ghost then allows Scrooge to see a neglected grave, with a tombstone bearing Scrooge's name. Sobbing, Scrooge pledges to change his ways.Stave five Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed man.
He makes a large donation to the charity he rejected the day before, anonymously sends a large turkey to the Cratchit home for Christmas dinner and spends the afternoon with Fred's family. The following day he gives Cratchit an increase in pay and begins to become a father figure to Tiny Tim.
From then on Scrooge treats everyone with kindness, generosity and compassion, embodying the spirit of Christmas.Background. Dickens at the blacking warehouse, as envisioned byThe writer was born to a middle-class family which got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of his father John.
In 1824 John was committed to the, a in, London. Dickens, aged 12, was forced to his collection of books, leave school and work at a dirty and rat-infested factory. The change in circumstances gave him what his biographer, Michael Slater, describes as a 'deep personal and social outrage', which heavily influenced his writing and outlook.By the end of 1842 Dickens was a well-established author, having written six major works, as well as several short stories, novellas and other pieces. On 31 December that year he began publishing his novel as a monthly serial; the novel was his favourite work, but sales were disappointing and he faced temporary financial difficulties.Celebrating the had been growing in popularity through the.
The had been introduced in Britain during the 18th century, and its use was popularised. Their practice was copied in many homes across the country. In the early 19th century there had been a revival of interest in, following a decline in popularity over the previous hundred years. The publication of 's 1823 work Some Ancient Christmas Carols, With the Tunes to Which They Were Formerly Sung in the West of England and 1833 collection Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern led to a growth in the form's popularity in Britain.Dickens had an interest in Christmas, and his first story on the subject was 'Christmas Festivities', published in in 1835; the story was then published as 'A Christmas Dinner' in (1836). 'The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton', another Christmas story, appeared in the 1836 novel. In the episode, a Mr Wardle relates the tale of Gabriel Grub, a lonely and mean-spirited, who undergoes a Christmas conversion after being visited by who show him the past and future. Slater considers that 'the main elements of the Carol are present in the story', but not yet in a firm form.
The story is followed by a passage about Christmas in Dickens's editorial. The professor of English literature Paul Davis writes that although the 'Goblins' story appears to be a prototype of A Christmas Carol, all Dickens's earlier writings about Christmas influenced the story. Literary influences. In 1820Dickens was not the first author to celebrate the Christmas season in literature. Among earlier authors who influenced Dickens was, whose 1819–20 work included four essays on old English that he experienced while staying at near Birmingham. The tales and essays attracted Dickens, and the two authors shared the belief that the staging of a nostalgic English Christmas might help restore the social harmony that they felt had been lost in the modern world.Several works may have had an influence on the writing of A Christmas Carol, including two essays: one from an 1841 issue of, 'How Mr.
Chokepear Keeps a Merry Christmas' and one from 1843, 'The Beauties of the Police'. More broadly, Dickens was influenced by fairy tales and nursery stories, which he closely associated with Christmas, because he saw them as stories of conversion and transformation. Social influences. Charles Dickens in 1842, the year before the publication of A Christmas CarolDickens was touched by the lot of poor children in the middle decades of the 19th century.
In early 1843 he toured the, where he was angered by seeing in appalling conditions. The suffering he witnessed there was reinforced by a visit to the Field Lane, one of several London schools set up for the education of the capital's half-starved, illiterate street children.In February 1843 the Second Report of the Children's Employment Commission was published.
It was a parliamentary report exposing the effects of the upon children. Horrified by what he read, Dickens planned to publish an inexpensive political pamphlet tentatively titled, An Appeal to the People of England, on behalf of the Poor Man's Child, but changed his mind, deferring the pamphlet's production until the end of the year. Illustrator of the first editionBy mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer from financial problems. Sales of Martin Chuzzlewit were falling off, and his wife, was pregnant with their fifth child. Matters worsened when, his publishers, threatened to reduce his monthly income by £50 if sales dropped further. He began A Christmas Carol in October 1843. Michael Slater, Dickens's biographer, describes the book as being 'written at white heat'; it was completed in six weeks, the final pages being written in early December.
He built much of the work in his head while taking night-time walks of 15 to 20 miles (24 to 32 km) around London. Dickens's sister-in-law wrote how he 'wept, and laughed, and wept again, and excited himself in a most extraordinary manner, in composition'.
Slater says that A Christmas Carol wasintended to open its readers' hearts towards those struggling to survive on the lower rungs of the economic ladder and to encourage practical benevolence, but also to warn of the terrible danger to society created by the toleration of widespread ignorance and actual want among the poor., the illustrator who had earlier worked with Dickens on Sketches by Boz (1836) and (1838), introduced him to the caricaturist. By 24 October Dickens invited Leech to work on A Christmas Carol, and four hand-coloured etchings and four black-and-white wood engravings by the artist accompanied the text. Dickens's hand-written manuscript of the story does not include the sentence in the penultimate paragraph '. and to Tiny Tim, who did not die'; this was added later, during the printing process. Characters.
Also called John the Miser; one of the models for ScroogeThe central character of A Christmas Carol is Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based moneylender, described in the story as 'a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!' Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised. This psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy and greedy semi-recluse, the other a benevolent, sociable man. Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, the professor of English literature, considers that in the opening part of the book covering young Scrooge's lonely and unhappy childhood, and his aspiration for money to avoid poverty 'is something of a self-parody of Dickens's fears about himself'; the post-transformation parts of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself.Scrooge could also be based on two misers: the eccentric, or, the owner of the and also known as 'The Gloucester Miser'.
According to the sociologist Frank W. Elwell, Scrooge's views on the poor are a reflection of those of the and, while the miser's questions 'Are there no prisons?. And the Union workhouses?. The treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then?' Are a reflection of a sarcastic question raised by the philosopher, 'Are there not treadmills, gibbets; even hospitals, poor-rates, New Poor-Law?' There are literary precursors for Scrooge in Dickens's own works., Dickens's biographer, sees similarities between the character and the elder Martin Chuzzlewit character, although the miser is 'a more fantastic image' than the Chuzzlewit patriarch; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit's transformation to a charitable figure is a parallel to that of the miser.
Douglas-Fairhurst sees that the minor character Gabriel Grub from The Pickwick Papers was also an influence when creating Scrooge. Scrooge's name came from a tombstone Dickens had seen on a visit to Edinburgh. The grave was for Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie, whose job was given as a meal man—a corn merchant; Dickens misread the inscription as 'mean man'.When Dickens was young he lived near a tradesman's premises with the sign 'Goodge and Marney', which may have provided the name for Scrooge's former business partner. For the chained Marley, Dickens drew on his memory of a visit to the in, Pennsylvania, in March 1842, where he saw—and was affected by seeing—fettered prisoners. For the character Tiny Tim, Dickens used his nephew Henry, a disabled boy who was five at the time A Christmas Carol was written. The two figures of Want and Ignorance, sheltering in the robes of the Ghost of Christmas Present, were inspired by the children Dickens had seen on his visit to a in the. Ignorance and Want from the original edition, 1843The transformation of Scrooge is central to the story.
Davis considers Scrooge to be 'a figure always in process of reformation'; Kelly writes that the transformation is reflected in the description of Scrooge, who begins as a two-dimensional character, but who then grows into one who 'possesses an emotional depth and a regret for lost opportunities'. Some writers, including Grace Moore, the Dickens scholar, consider that there is a Christian theme running through A Christmas Carol, and that the novella should be seen as an of the Christian concept of.
Dickens's biographer, sees the conversion of Scrooge as carrying the Christian message that 'even the worst of sinners may repent and become a good man'. Dickens's attitudes towards organised religion were complex; he based his beliefs and principles on the. Dickens's statement that Marley 'had no bowels' is a reference to the 'bowels of compassion' mentioned in the, the reason for his eternal damnation.Other writers, including Kelly, consider that Dickens put forward a 'secular vision of this sacred holiday'. The Dickens scholar John O. Jordan argues that A Christmas Carol shows what Dickens referred to in a letter to his friend as his ' Carol philosophy, cheerful views, sharp anatomisation of humbug, jolly good temper.
And a vein of glowing, hearty, generous, mirthful, beaming reference in everything to Home and Fireside'. From a secular viewpoint, the cultural historian Penne Restad suggests that Scrooge's redemption underscores 'the conservative, individualistic and patriarchal aspects' of Dickens's ' Carol philosophy' of and.Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol in response to British social attitudes towards poverty, particularly child poverty, and wished to use the novella as a means to put forward his arguments against it. The story shows Scrooge as a paradigm for self-interest, and the possible repercussions of ignoring the poor, especially children in poverty—personified by the allegorical figures of Want and Ignorance. The two figures were created to arouse sympathy with readers—as was Tiny Tim. Douglas-Fairhurst observes that the use of such figures allowed Dickens to present his message of the need for charity, without alienating his largely middle-class readership.
Publication. First edition frontispiece and title page (1843)As the result of the disagreements with Chapman and Hall over the commercial failures of Martin Chuzzlewit, Dickens arranged to pay for the publishing himself, in exchange for a percentage of the profits. Production of A Christmas Carol was not without problems. The first printing contained drab olive that Dickens felt were unacceptable, and the publisher Chapman and Hall quickly replaced them with yellow endpapers, but, once replaced, those clashed with the title page, which was then redone. The final product was bound in red cloth with gilt-edged pages, completed only two days before the publication date of 19 December 1843. Following publication, Dickens arranged for the manuscript to be bound in red and presented as a gift to his solicitor, Thomas Mitton.Priced at five shillings (equal to £24 in 2019 pounds), the first run of 6,000 copies sold out by Christmas Eve.
Chapman and Hall issued second and third editions before the new year, and the book continued to sell well into 1844. By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released. Since its initial publication the book has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions, translated into several languages and has never been out of print. It was Dickens's most popular book in the United States, and sold over two million copies in the hundred years following its first publication there.The high production costs upon which Dickens insisted led to reduced profits, and the first edition brought him only £230 (equal to £22,000 in 2019 pounds) rather than the £1,000 (equal to £96,000 in 2019 pounds) he expected.
A year later, the profits were only £744, and Dickens was deeply disappointed. Reception. Thackeray in 1864. He wrote that A Christmas Carol was 'a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness'.According to Douglas-Fairhurst, contemporary reviews of A Christmas Carol 'were almost uniformly kind'. Described how the story's 'impressive eloquence.
Its unfeigned lightness of heart—its playful and sparkling humour. Its gentle spirit of humanity' all put the reader 'in good humour with ourselves, with each other, with the season and with the author'. The critic from, the literary magazine, considered it a 'tale to make the reader laugh and cry – to open his hands, and open his heart to charity even toward the uncharitable. A dainty dish to set before a King.'
, writing in, described the book as 'a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness. The last two people I heard speak of it were women; neither knew the other, or the author, and both said, by way of criticism, 'God bless him!' 'The poet, in, wrote that 'If Christmas, with its ancient and hospitable customs, its social and charitable observances, were ever in danger of decay, this is the book that would give them a new lease.' The reviewer for —, who was usually critical of Dickens's work —spoke well of A Christmas Carol, noting it was 'a noble book, finely felt and calculated to work much social good'. After Dickens's death, deplored the turkey and plum pudding aspects of the book but admitted that in the days of its first publication it was regarded as 'a new gospel' and noted that the book was unique in that it made people behave better.
The religious press generally ignored the tale but, in January 1884, thought the tale's old and hackneyed subject was treated in an original way and praised the author's sense of humour and pathos. The writer and social thinker told a friend that he thought Dickens had taken the religion from Christmas, and had imagined it as 'mistletoe and pudding – neither resurrection from the dead, nor rising of new stars, nor teaching of wise men, nor shepherds'.There were critics of the book. Praised the story, but thought the book's physical excesses—the gilt edges and expensive binding—kept the price high, making it unavailable to the poor. The review recommended that the tale should be printed on cheap paper and priced accordingly. An unnamed writer for mocked Dickens's grasp of economics, asking 'Who went without turkey and punch in order that Bob Cratchit might get them—for, unless there were turkeys and punch in surplus, someone must go without'.Following criticism of the US in and Martin Chuzzlewit, American readers were less enthusiastic at first, but by the end of the, copies of the book were in wide circulation. In 1863 published an enthusiastic review, noting that the author brought the 'old Christmas.
Of bygone centuries and remote manor houses, into the living rooms of the poor of today'. Aftermath. 'The Ghost of Christmas Present' from the original edition, 1843In January 1844 Parley's Illuminated Library published an unauthorised version of the story in a condensed form which they sold for. Dickens wrote to his solicitorI have not the least doubt that if these Vagabonds can be stopped they must. Let us be the sledge-hammer in this, or I shall be beset by hundreds of the same crew when I come out with a long story.Two days after the release of the Parley version, Dickens sued on the basis of and won. The publishers declared themselves bankrupt and Dickens was left to pay £700 in costs. The small profits Dickens earned from A Christmas Carol further strained his relationship with his publishers, and he broke with them in favour of, who had been printing his works to that point.Dickens returned to the tale several times during his life to amend the phrasing and punctuation.
He capitalised on the success of the book by publishing other Christmas stories (1844), (1845), (1846) and (1848); these were secular conversion tales which acknowledged the progressive societal changes of the previous year, and highlighted those social problems which still needed to be addressed. While the public eagerly bought the later books, the reviewers were highly critical of the stories.
Performances and adaptations. First film adaptation, 1901In the years following the book's publication, responses to the tale were published by W. Swepstone ( Christmas Shadows, 1850), ( Job Warner's Christmas, 1863), ( A Christmas Dream, and How It Came True, 1882), and others who followed Scrooge's life as a reformed man – or some who thought Dickens had got it wrong and needed to be corrected.The novella was adapted for the stage almost immediately. Three productions opened on 5 February 1844, one by Edward Stirling being sanctioned by Dickens and running for more than 40 nights. By the close of February 1844 eight rival A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were playing in London.
The story has been adapted for film and television more than any of Dickens's other works. In 1901 it was produced as, a British film; it was one of the first known adaptations of a Dickens work on film, but it is now largely. The story was adapted in 1923 for.
The story has been adapted to other media, including opera, ballet, a musical, animation, and a mime production starring.Davis considers the adaptations have become better remembered than the original. Some of Dickens's scenes—such as visiting the miners and lighthouse keepers—have been forgotten by many, while other events often added—such as Scrooge visiting the Cratchits on Christmas Day—are now thought by many to be part of the original story. Accordingly, Davis distinguishes between the original text and the 'remembered version'. Legacy The phrase ' had been around for many years – the earliest known written use was in a letter in 1534 – but Dickens's use of the phrase in A Christmas Carol popularised it among the Victorian public. The exclamation ' entered popular use in the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or overly festive; the name 'Scrooge' became used as a designation for a miser, and was added to the as such in 1982. These were (1836); (1836); (1837); (1838); (1841); and (1841).
Serialisation was in 20 parts, which concluded on 30 June 1844. The addition of the line has proved contentious to some. One writer in The Dickensian – the journal of the wrote in 1933 that 'the fate of Tiny Tim should be a matter of dignified reticence. Dickens was carried away by exuberance, and momentarily forgot good taste'. Carlyle's original question was written in his 1840 work Chartism. Grub's name came from a 19th-century Dutch miser, Gabriel de Graaf, a morose gravedigger. Scroggie was unlike Scrooge in nature, and was described as 'a well-known hedonist who loved wine, women, and parties.
A dandy and terrible philanderer who had several sexual liaisons which made him the talk of the town. A jovial and kindly man'. Henry was also used as the basis for Paul Dombey Jr in. Others who have examined the Christian theme include, and Martin Sable. The author wrote of Dickens's religious views that 'the tone of Dickens towards religion, though like that of most of his contemporaries, philosophically disturbed and rather historically ignorant, had an element that was very characteristic of himself.
He had all the prejudices of his time. He had, for instance, that dislike of defined dogmas, which really means a preference for unexamined dogmas.' Dickens stated that 'I have always striven in my writings to express the veneration for the life and lessons of our Saviour.' . The full verse of I John 3:17 is 'But whoso hath this world's good, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him?' .
In 1875 Mitton sold the manuscript to the bookseller – reportedly for £50 (equal to £4,600 in 2019 pounds) – who sold it to the autograph collector, in 1882; in turn Churchill sold the manuscript to Bennett, a Birmingham bookseller. Bennett sold it for £200 to Robson and Kerslake of London, which sold it to Dickens collector for £300. It was purchased by for an undisclosed sum and is now held by the, New York. Dickens's biographer, puts the first edition profits at £137, and those by the end of 1844 at £726. The Parley version was titled A Christmas Ghost Story reoriginated from the original by Charles Dickens Esquire and analytically condensed for this work.
One example of this was the introduction of turkey as the main meat of the Christmas meal. In Britain the tradition had been to eat roast goose, but a change to turkey followed the publication of the book. By 1868, in her, advised her readers that 'A Christmas dinner, with the middle-class of this empire, would scarcely be a Christmas dinner without its turkey.' References. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. Billen, Andrew (2005).
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